Taken over by Japanese military in 1941, many Malaysians believed that the British would soon return and 'save' them so they did not attempt to learn the farming skills that would be essential for survival.[10] This then led to severe famine in Malaya from 1942….
Under the Briggs Plan the British created a system of 400 internment camps called "New villages" to imprison over 400,000 civilians, mostly Chinese but also Indian and Orang Asli, in an attempt to segregate the MNLA guerrillas from the civilian population.[5] The British then attempted to starve the communist guerrillas by implementing a food denial campaign by enforcing food rationing on civilians, killing livestock and using chemical herbicides to destroy rural farmland.[5] Early attempts to defeat the communists included the execution of unarmed villagers, the most infamous case being the Batang Kali massacre which is often referred to as "Britain's My Lai”. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Emergency
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During WWII
Chin Peng died at the age of 88, in Bangkok, Thailand where he was cremated according to Buddhist rites. Prior to his death he lived in exile in Thailand. Contrary to one of the conditions of the 1989 peace agreement, he was not permitted to return to Malaysia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin_Peng
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U.S. aircraft were deployed to douse roads, rivers, canals, rice paddies and farmland with powerful mixtures of herbicides. During this process, crops and water sources used by the non-combatant native population of South Vietnam were also hit. In all, American forces used more than 20 million gallons of herbicides in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia….In addition, Vietnam claims half a million children have been born with serious birth defects, while as many 2 million people are suffering from cancer or other illness caused by Agent Orange. https://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/agent-orange-1
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It was not until the 1940s that agricultural chemical research led to the development of a number of synthetic compounds capable of regulating or suppressing plant growth. Some compounds, when applied at high doses, killed certain plants but did not harm others; these compounds were termed selective herbicides (NAS, 1974). Two of the most successful developments during that period were the discoveries of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. These chemicals were effective against broadleaf plants and several crops.
Throughout World War II and after, classified military research on these chemicals and nearly 1,100 other substances was conducted at the War Research Service in Fort Detrick, Maryland (MRI, 1967). Although defoliants were not introduced into the World War II conflict, the military potential of chemicals for reducing or removing heavy vegetative growth was further investigated.
The research program at Fort Detrick involved screening and evaluation of candidate defoliants (Warren, 1968). One component of the research program was organized to solicit "the best research and industrial competencies" to develop and evaluate various chemical defoliants and formulations (U.S. Army, 1964). Compounds for military consideration were also received from private companies as part of unsolicited proposals, and from individuals working in universities in other areas of chemical synthesis. The chemicals were evaluated in terms of their effectiveness at low doses, cost, availability or capability of being manufactured in large quantities, non-toxicity to man and animals, stability in storage, and corrosive properties….
In June 1959 an experiment led by Dr. James Brown at Camp Drum, New York, demonstrated the long-term effectiveness of aerially dispensed herbicides in improving visibility for military operations (Buckingham, 1982)….
In 1957 Dr. W. Sandermann of the Institute of Wood Chemistry in Hamburg published results of his synthesis of TCDD. While working on the synthesis, his laboratory assistant was exposed to the substance being tested when some of it blew into his face. He soon developed skin lesions over his entire face and decided to seek treatment from Dr. Karl Schulz, a dermatologist who treated chemical workers and had observed chloracne in some of them (Gough, 1986). After examining Sandermann's laboratory assistant, Schulz identified the skin lesions on his face as chloracne. When the laboratory assistant explained that the compound he was synthesizing was TCDD, Schulz was the first to correlate the presence of chloracne with exposure to dioxin….Public concern over the use of herbicides in Vietnam began in 1964, even before the toxicity of TCDD was first reported. At that time, the Federation of American Scientists urged the government not to use chemical and biological weapons unless they were used first by the enemy….In December 1966 the Council of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) sent a letter to the Secretary of Defense, Robert McNamara, calling for studies of the short- and long-term consequences of the massive use of herbicides in Vietnam (Young and Reggiani, 1988). In February 1967, a second petition signed by more than 5,000 scientists, including 17 Nobel laureates, was delivered to President Johnson requesting that he end the use of herbicides in Vietnam (Dux and Young, 1980). …"In Sweden, phenoxy herbicides have been used in forestry to combat hardwoods. Spraying of herbicides in the United States has been a practice of farmers, foresters, railroads, utility companies, and certain government agencies, for many years. Farmers used 2,4,5-T to kill broadleaf plants in pasturelands. Foresters, including the U.S. Forest Service and other federal agencies having jurisdiction over national lands, forests and parks, have used herbicides to keep down brush and undergrowth and to eliminate unwanted hardwoods in pine forests.
The Alsea region of Oregon includes the Siuslaw National Forest and privately owned timberland. Until 1979 the U.S. Forest Service and timber companies routinely used helicopters to spray 2,4,5-T in the forests around Alsea in the spring to control the underbrush….
In 1977 while attending a college course at the University of Oregon Bonnie Hill, a teacher in Alsea, learned that dioxin caused spontaneous abortions in monkeys (Gough, 1986). Hill had experienced a miscarriage in the spring of 1975 and had heard of other women in Alsea who had also experienced miscarriages in the springtime. Hill decided to survey the women of Alsea, and among eight women that she interviewed, there were a total of 13 miscarriages that also occurred in the spring during the years 1972 through 1977. She felt that the pattern of the miscarriages correlated closely with the seasonal spraying….(Dioxin got into both well water and ground water also. People fought back in the northwest US.)…Subsequently the chemical companies began to cancel their registration for 2,4,5-T; eventually 2,4,5-T disappeared from the U.S. market (Gough, 1986)….
Congress passed its first legislation that dealt with the issue of military use of herbicides in Vietnam (Public Law 91-441) on October 7, 1970. This law directed the Secretary of Defense to contract with the National Academy of Sciences to conduct a comprehensive study of the ecological and physiological dangers inherent in the use of herbicides, and of the defoliation program carried out in Vietnam. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK236351/
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(Now after 50 more years many lands including USA are still heavily bombarded by pesticides and a vast array of untested chemicals, synthetic vaccines, synthetic viruses, synthetic drugs, including lip service to health, doublespeak, but money usually is the underlying prime factor, or domination over others. -r.)
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In 1952 I went to the punchbowl area of Korea where I was serving in the
116th Combat Engineers 10th Corp. I arrived there in either October or
November and was nineteen years old at the time. I was a cook as well as a
first gunner. We built bunkers for the infantry. We also guarded the
mountain pass.
Around March to April I was transferred to the DMZ where I cooked and
building a road down to the reservoir. I went from 52 degrees below to the
monsoon rainy season where we were in mud up to our knees.
I have been denied my disability because of chemical exposure in korea such
as ddt and other chemicals. The brush where we guarded the landings was
sprayed with this. Our sleeping bags had to be washed daily if possible in
linbaine. (lindane)
If anyone in my unit sees this, please contact me at the e-mail address
provided. Csr11@bellsouth.net https://www.koreanwar.org/html/bbs_dmz_war_2.html?threadid=101
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How it can take 30 years, sometimes more, to face up. https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-wiener-my-lai-hugh-thompson-20180316-story.html
In 1952 I went to the punchbowl area of Korea where I was serving in the
116th Combat Engineers 10th Corp. I arrived there in either October or
November and was nineteen years old at the time. I was a cook as well as a
first gunner. We built bunkers for the infantry. We also guarded the
mountain pass.
Around March to April I was transferred to the DMZ where I cooked and
building a road down to the reservoir. I went from 52 degrees below to the
monsoon rainy season where we were in mud up to our knees.
I have been denied my disability because of chemical exposure in korea such
as ddt and other chemicals. The brush where we guarded the landings was
sprayed with this. Our sleeping bags had to be washed daily if possible in
linbaine. (lindane)
If anyone in my unit sees this, please contact me at the e-mail address
provided. Csr11@bellsouth.net https://www.koreanwar.org/html/bbs_dmz_war_2.html?threadid=101
..................
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