7-21-2018 According to Russia’s Ministry of Emergency Situations, in the event of a nuclear attack on Moscow, there is space in underground facilities for all of the population. While this is a very bold claim, Moscow is famous for the massive amount of bunkers it has available for Civil Defense (гражданской обороны) and the military. These doors are usually restricted to the main stations, outlying stations may have less or no blast protection.
Newer stations are usually built with blast protection using modern military methods. Notably the “Park Pobedy” station is built using armablocks and utilized upwards excavation for shafts. Normally, shafts are excavated downwards from the surface, but upwards excavation minimizes the likelihood of satellite reconnaissance finding the locations of shafts as the construction equipment and spillage cannot be seen if it is underground.
Much less information is available on the military bunkers, but they tend to be deeper than the civilian bunkers. While military bunkers were first built in the “basement” and “metro” types (the Tagansky Bunker 42 complex is a good example of an early bunker in “metro” style), the military moved onto “sphere” and “metro-2” bunker types in the 1970s and 1980s. Other bunkers that use similar technology in which the central bunker is suspended on shock absorbers in a central structure might also be present, with various variations on the shape of the central bunker. “Cylinder” and “Nut bolt” (hexagonal) types are also rumored to exist.
The infamous “metro-2” bunker style is laid out similarly to the older “metro” style but is deeper underground for greater blast resistance and secrecy. It was said to be built in two phases, with the first being in the 1970s and 1980s, called D-6 ,and the second being between 1990–2000 by the TIS(OAO Трансинжстрой) firm, which also builds civilian metro stations. https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/moscow-ready-nuclear-war-lots-bunkers-population-26401 ……………………………………………….. 3-6-2018 The only clue to its existence is a green metal door, 8 feet high by 5 feet wide, hewn into the rock next to a busy, snow-dusted sidewalk. Heaving it open reveals an airlock that leads to a fully operational nuclear bunker. Facilities like this are a vital part of Sweden's history--and recent threats from Russia mean they could become important again in the years to come. "They are meant to be used if the government decides to announce full alert," says Ove Brunnström, the cheerful spokesman for Sweden's Civil Contingencies Agency who recently gave NBC News a rare tour of the subterranean site. "That would be [triggered] if we are close to war or we are under attack.”…today around 65,000 bunkers remain on standby, dotted around its sparsely populated territory.
In the early 2000s Sweden slashed defense spending and halted bunker construction. Many were all but forgotten, doubling as parking lots and bicycle storage spaces during a period when global conflict seemed a distant prospect. That thinking changed in 2014 when Russian President Vladimir Putin annexed Crimea, allegedly sent troops into eastern Ukraine, and began violating airspace over the Nordic and Baltic regions. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/sweden-plans-build-more-bunkers-amid-fears-russian-aggression-n849821
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increased public interest in Germany's bunker. In 2012 there were only eight news stories that mentioned local nuclear shelters. By 2015 there were 60 and by 2018, 120. Up to the end of October of this year there have already been 111, many related to reports on how various international nuclear treaties are being dismantled.
"Fear of nuclear war tailed off with the end of the Cold War," the foreign desk editors with national newspaper, Die Zeit, explained in an editorial last year. "Now it's back. And the worst thing about it: the fear is justified." https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2019-11-07/fears-of-a-new-cold-war-bring-germanys-nuclear-bunkers-back-into-fashion
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11-15-2018 In Beijing anywhere between 100,000 to one million people live underground in old bomb shelters. Dubbed the shuzu, or "rat tribe," these subterranean citizens occupy a cramped, musty and windowless world located dozens of feet below the bustling streets of China's capital city. This extensive network of largely illicit bunker housing is unlike anything found in any other major metropolis in the world.
“[W]ith limited access to public, affordable housing, nuclear bunkers are one of the few feasible options for migrant workers,” Ye Ming writes for National Geographic. A small, shared dorm in a concrete bunker can cost as little as $20 per month. For many, the central location makes these bunkers worthwhile despite the lack of space and sunlight.
As you might expect from a converted nuclear fallout shelter, the spaces have some of the basics--plumbing, sewage, and electricity--and very little of anything else. There’s no natural light, there's very little ventilation, and most amenities, such as kitchens and bathrooms, must be shared with neighbors. And while Ming reports that local law requires apartments to have at least 43 square feet per tenant, that rule is clearly not enforced. Some apartments might as well be closets. https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/640245/flower-delivery-services-review?utm_content=infinitescroll1
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6-7-2012 Hundreds of thousands of bomb shelters were built across China in the 1960s and 1970s to prepare for possible air raids from the then-Soviet Union amidst a souring relationship between the two communist countries. It’s unclear how many of the underground shelters were built in Shanghai. But the local government says there are about 2,000 in the Xuhui district, a mix of commercial buildings and the elegance of the old French concession https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-shanghai-bombshelters/damp-bomb-shelters-now-trendy-shanghai-hot-spots-idINBRE85708X20120608
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1-18-2018 In 2016 there were reports of Russia modernizing and expanding dozens of these sites. A deep underground facility beneath the Kremlin.[6] According to a leaked Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) report there is an “enormous underground leadership bunker adjacent to Moscow State University … intended for the national command authority in wartime.” [7] This is known as the Ramenki Underground facility, and it is reportedly connected to the Kremlin by a VIP subway, popularly called Metro-2. The underground subway reportedly travels further out to at least two extra-urban underground bunkers, one near Voronovo and another near Sharapovo. [8] Far outside of Moscow there is a large underground command center near Kosvinsky that is said to be a survivable command post roughly comparable to Raven Rock. [9] In 1978 Russia began constructing another massive underground complex under Yamantau Mountain.[10] The facility created enormous controversy during the 1990s when construction appeared to resume. At the time, General Eugene Habiger, then Commander of U.S. Strategic Command, called it “a very large complex—we estimate that it has millions of square feet available for underground facilities. We don’t have a clue as to what they’re doing there.” The site today appears to be abandoned. [11] United States and Russian Federation are spending billions of dollars to maintain these facilities, and they are enormous in size. Each site has miles of tunnels under hundreds of feet of earth and rock. They have room for thousands of officials. A leaked DIA report about Russia’s growing emphasis on nuclear bunkers reportedly states that the two bunkers under Moscow alone could accommodate 10,000 people.[12] The same report asserts, “Highly effective life-support systems may permit independent operations for many months following a nuclear attack.” [13] These include power plants, water reservoirs and air filters to allow the occupants to continue their duties while Americans and Russians aboveground die in massive and excruciating numbers. Still the statistics do not begin to convey the enormity of this enterprise. Of course these sites remain among the most secretive elements of U.S. and Russian plans to fight a nuclear war. No images from inside either facility are available to the public.
[7] Military Forces In Transition, Chapter 3, Moscow’s Deep-Underground Facilities, 1991, nsaarchive2.gwu.edu. [8] Hardened Central-Command Associated Facilities Near Moscow, Photographic Interpretation Report, National Photographic Interpretation Center, April 1971, www.cia.gov. [10] Michael R. Gordon, “Despite Cold War's End, Russia Keeps Building a Secret Complex, The New York Times, 16 April 1996, www.nytimes.com. [11] Greg Caires, “Exclusive Interview with General Eugene Habiger of STRATCOM,” Defense Daily, 4 March 1998. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/19981202052013/https://defensedaily.com:80/reports/habiger.htm [12] "1991 Military Forces in Transition," U.S. Department of Defense, September 1991, edocs.nps.edu.
[13] "1991 Military Forces in Transition," U.S. Department of Defense, September 1991, edocs.nps.edu.
https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/mineshaft-gap-lavish-bunkers-where-putin-trump-plan-fight-nuclear-war/
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