11-18-20 To further clarify the early movements of the virus, a group of researchers analyzed blood samples from people in Italy who were enrolled in a prospective lung cancer screening trial between September 2019 and March 2020. They looked for antibodies specific to the receptor binding domain (RBD) — the dock on the coronavirus' spike protein that it uses to latch onto and invade human cells.
They found that 111 of these 959 people, all asymptomatic at the time their blood was drawn, had SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in their blood at the time it was taken, meaning that about 11.6% of the entire group had been infected with the virus before March. Specifically, the researchers found coronavirus antibodies in 23 patients who gave samples in September and in 27 who gave samples in October. They also found that 53.2% of these cases were participants from Lombardy….
Krys Johnson, an assistant professor in the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at Temple University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, who was not a part of the study. If the virus was circulating earlier than previously thought, "it may mean that it is (or was) less deadly than current estimates because of how long it took to be identified." In other words, if these samples do indeed show evidence of early COVID-19 infections, they may not have been detected by the medical system possibly because they were somehow less deadly at the time. She added that it would be nice to see more studies reanalyze blood or other biological samples collected in late summer and fall of 2019 to see if they arrive at similar results. https://www.livescience.com/coronavirus-circulating-italy-earlier-thought.html
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11-17-20 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody response analyses in patients with COVID-19 showed that within 13 days after the onset of symptoms, seroconversion of antiviral immunoglobulin G (IgG) or immunoglobulin M (IgM) was present in almost 100 percent of patients….
The researchers performed receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing. Of the 959 plasma samples, 111 showed SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific antibodies (IgM, IgG, or both). Specifically, they detected IgM antibodies in 97 samples and IgG antibodies in 16 samples. All of the patients had no symptoms at the time blood samples were collected. In the first two months of the study, the researchers revealed that 14.2 percent of the patients in September and 16.3 percent in October exhibited SARS-CoV-2 IgG or IgM antibodies, or both. The team found the first positive case (IgM-positive) on September 3 in the Veneto Region, followed by one case in Emilia Romagna on September 4, Liguria on September 5, and one in Lazio on September 11. By the end of September, 13 of the 23 positive samples were detected in Lombardy, Italy's hardest-hit region. The team also detected three cases in Veneto, two in Piedmont, and one in Liguria, Emilia Romagna, Campania, Lazio, and Fruili. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20201117/SARS-CoV-2-was-circulating-in-Italy-before-China-recognized-its-existence.aspx
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3-12-21 Researchers based in India have demonstrated that horses inoculated with an inactivated dosage of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are able to produce large amounts of strong antibodies that can neutralize multiple variants. Large animals, like horses, are able to produce antibodies in high quantities that can then be reapplied and used in human subjects, rather than having to synthesize such proteins from scratch….Harshan and collaborators inoculated several horses with inactivated Indian SARS-CoV-2 cultures mixed with Freund’s Complete Adjuvant – a solution that promotes cell-mediated immunity. Plasma samples were taken from the immunized horses and then tested for antibody response. The researchers found that the extracted antibodies were effective at neutralizing both the ancestral and deviant strains of COVID-19. This news is especially promising as the antibodies can be sourced from the horses after less than two months from initial inoculation with the inactivated virus and can be sourced in large quantities. Additionally, the antibodies can penetrate deeper into organs and tissues due to their smaller size and lesser cellular affinity, only adding to their already beneficial properties. This research comes out after a series of trials already conducted on the applicability of horse antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. It further highlights the easy and inexpensive accessibility of these types of immunization programs. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210312/Could-horse-derived-antibodies-promote-immunity-against-SARS-CoV-2-infection.aspx
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