1) Squalene (C30H50) is a precursor for the synthesis of all plant and animal sterols, including cholesterol and steroid hormones, in the human body. Squalene is an important component of several vaccine adjuvants: Novartis makes a compound called MF59 and GlaxoSmithKline makes AS03.
(Squalene injected:) Symptoms of Gulf War Syndrome such as fatigue, pain, cognitive dysfunction, insomnia and mood disorders.
• Pain at the injection site
• Injection site rash
• Reinforcement of soft tissue.
• muscle strain
• headache
• General complaints
• Narcolepsy in Children and Adults
Is squalene harmful?
Squalane is ideal for dry skin. https://howtodiscuss.com/t/squalene/152352
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2) Nov 23, 2020 vaccines and a little-known product called squalene - aka shark liver oil. What's it doing in vaccines? It acts as a boosting agent, or adjuvant, that improves the immune system and makes vaccines more effective. Pretty cool, right?
With COVID-19 vaccine the talk of the town we thought we should point out that some of the candidates are using squalene. And it turns out that squalene is used for lots of other things! Textiles, food colouring, cosmetics and more.
When did squalene start being used in vaccines? 1997, to be exact. Chiron used it in influenza vaccine. Other major pharmaceutical companies, like GSK and Novartis, began to rely on squalene for their seasonal flu and swine flu vaccines.
While all sharks have squalene, the deep-sea species have the biggest livers and thus the highest concentrations of the oil. We're talking the scalloped hammerhead, longfin mako and whale shark. Problem is, those guys are vulnerable to extinction...
What's the solution? Squalene can be derived from non-animal sources too, like olive oil, sugar cane, wheat germ, bacteria and yeast, yielding an ingredient that has identical chemical properties as the shark-based version. Something to explore!
https://www.embrc.eu/newsroom/news/vaccines-and-little-known-product-called-squalene
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3) Dec 11, 2020 I am allergic to all fish and have read that squalene, which comes from shark liver oil is used in some vaccines. Does the Pfizer/BioNTech contain squalene and does it pose a risk to me?You are correct that squalene is used in some vaccines. It is highly purified fat that does not contain the proteins which cause the allergic reaction. It is not considered to pose any risk for patients with fish allergy. The Pfizer/BioNTech vaccination does not contain any squalene and there is no reason to suspect that it would cause any problems for someone allergic to fish. -British scientific group https://www.bsaci.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Final-Pfizer-Biontech-Vaccine-and-Allergy.pdf
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4) In this study we constructed a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for intramuscularly injected squalene-in-water (SQ/W) emulsion, in order to make a quantitative estimation of the tissue distribution of squalene following a single IM injection in humans. The PBPK model incorporates relevant physicochemical properties of squalene; estimates of the time course of cracking of a SQ/W emulsion; anatomical and physiological parameters at the injection site and beyond; and local ... Molecular Formula: C30H50
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › 20206873Vaccination, squalene and anti-squalene antibodies: facts or ...
Squalene, a hydrocarbon obtained for commercial purposes primarily from shark liver oil and other botanic sources, is increasingly used as an immunologic adjuvant in several vaccines, including seasonal and the novel influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pandemic flu vaccines. Nearly a decade ago, squalene was supposed to be the experimental anthrax vaccine ingredient that caused the onset of Persian Gulf War syndrome in many veterans, since antibodies to squalene were detected in the blood of most ...
Author: Giuseppe Lippi, Giovanni Targher, Massimo Franchini Publish Year: 2010 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20206873/
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5) Aug 21, 2021 Assessment of adjuvantation strategy of lipid squalene nanoparticles for enhancing the immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 spike subunit protein against COVID-19 Hui-Min Ho 1 , Chiung-Yi Huang 1 , Yu-Jhen Cheng 1 , Kuan-Yin Shen 1 , Tsai-Teng Tzeng 1 , Shih-Jen Liu 2 , Hsin-Wei Chen 2 , Chung-Hsiung Huang 3 , Ming-Hsi Huang 4
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121024
Abstract Vaccination is regarded as the most effective intervention for controlling the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The objective of this study is to provide comprehensive information on lipid squalene nanoparticle (SQ@NP)-adjuvanted COVID-19 vaccines regarding modulating immune response and enhancing vaccine efficacy. After being adjuvanted with SQ@NP, the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) subunit protein was intramuscularly (i.m.) administered to mice. Serum samples investigated by ELISA and virus neutralizing assay showed that a single-dose SQ@NP-adjuvanted S-protein vaccine can induce antigen-specific IgG and protective antibodies comparable with those induced by two doses of nonadjuvanted protein vaccine. When the mice received a boosting vaccine injection, anamnestic response was observed in the groups of adjuvanted vaccine. Furthermore, the secretion of cytokines in splenocytes, such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-10, was significantly enhanced after adjuvantation of S-protein vaccine with SQ@NP; however, this was not the case for the vaccine adjuvanted with conventional aluminum mineral salts. Histological examination of injection sites showed that the SQ@NP-adjuvanted vaccine was considerably well tolerated following i.m. injection in mice. These results pave the way for the performance tuning of optimal vaccine formulations against COVID-19.
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34416331/ ………...................................................….
6) Dec 06, 2020 At least one company, GSK, expects squalene-containing COVID-19 vaccines will be approved and distributed. It is gearing up to supply adjuvants for 1 billion doses in line with its partnerships https://cen.acs.org/pharmaceuticals/vaccines/hunt-alternatives-shark-squalene-vaccines/98/i47
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7) 29 Jul 2001 The illness known as Gulf war syndrome looks likely to have been caused by an illegal vaccine "booster" given by the Ministry of Defence to protect soldiers against biological weapons, according to the results of a new series of tests.
Scientists in the United States found that symptoms of the illness were the same for service personnel who received the injections whether or not they served in the Gulf.
The common factor for the 275,000 British and US veterans who are ill appears to be a substance called squalene, allegedly used in injections to add to their potency. Such an action would have been illegal. Squalene is not licensed for use on either side of the Atlantic because of potential side effects.
Pam Asa and her team at the Tulane medical school in Louisiana tested more than 300 former US military personnel who were given vaccinations to go to the Gulf: 95% tested positive for squalene antibodies.
In addition veterans from both sides of the Atlantic were tested, including 20 who were given preparatory injections but who did not go to the war. All 20 tested positive to squalene antibodies.
The first non-deployed British sufferer to be tested, Anwen Humphreys, was also found to have antibodies.
Dr Asa said in her view the fact that even non-deployed veterans were testing positive for squalene provided conclusive evidence that vaccinations were a "major cause" of the condition. It ruled out the alternative environmental theories floated as causes of Gulf war syndrome. "I believe that those people who were given vaccinations in the US and the UK were given something they should not have been, probably in the anthrax vaccine. [The results] need a thorough examination by the US and UK governments."
Squalene is classed as an adjuvant - a chemical which is added to a vaccine to make it more combative. It is a naturally occurring substance in the human body but injecting it is illegal, and past scientific research in rats and mice has found that it causes auto-immune disease. Consequently, squalene in the form of a vaccine is unlicensed for human or veterinary use.
The evidence could be devastating for the Ministry of Defence which is being sued for damages by 1,900 British veterans. If they show they were injected with an illegal substance, the damages could be astronomical. The ministry has refused to reveal what was in the injections. Ms Humphreys, 39, from Dolgellau, north Wales, who suffers typical symptoms of the syndrome - severe headaches, nausea, muscular pain, joint swelling, short term memory loss and depression - said: "I believe the MoD has used us like guinea pigs to see how effective squalene is.
"There are no words to describe what they have done. It's just medically, morally and ethically wrong.”…
Lewis Moonie, a junior minister responsible for veterans, said: "To the best of my knowledge no squalene was given to any member of the British forces at the time of the Gulf war."
The Ministry of Defence has so far refused to disclose what was in the injections and defence scientists are carrying out experiments on animals to see what effects the Gulf war injections could have. The results will not be known until 2003. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2001/jul/30/internationalnews
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- PMID: 20206873
- DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2009.12.001
Abstract Squalene, a hydrocarbon obtained for commercial purposes primarily from shark liver oil and other botanic sources, is increasingly used as an immunologic adjuvant in several vaccines, including seasonal and the novel influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pandemic flu vaccines. Nearly a decade ago, squalene was supposed to be the experimental anthrax vaccine ingredient that caused the onset of Persian Gulf War syndrome in many veterans, since antibodies to squalene were detected in the blood of most patients affected by this syndrome. This evidence has raised a widespread concern about the safety of squalene containing adjuvants (especially MF59) of influenza vaccines. Nevertheless, further clinical evidence clearly suggested that squalene is poorly immunogenic, that low titres of antibodies to squalene can be also detected in sera from healthy individuals, and that neither the presence of anti-squalene antibodies nor their titre is significantly increased by immunization with vaccines containing squalene (or MF59) as an adjuvant. This review summarizes the current scientific evidence about the relationship between squalene, anti-squalene antibodies and vaccination.
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