Nerve agents are chemical warfare agents that have the same mechanism of action as (OP) organophosphate pesticides insecticides. They are potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase leads, thereby leading to an accumulation of acetylcholine in the central and peripheral nervous system. Excess acetylcholine produces a predictable cholinergic syndrome consisting of copious respiratory and oral secretions, diarrhea and vomiting, sweating, altered mental status, autonomic instability, and generalized weakness that can progress to paralysis and respiratory arrest.
https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/nerve/tsd.asp
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2-1-19 Nowadays there is an increasing concern for organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) due to high production and use following the phase out and stringent regulation in the use of brominated flame retardants. OPFRs represent a group of compounds with a wide range in their polarity, solubility and persistence. OPFRs are widely used as flame retardants in various consumer products such as textiles, electronics, industrial materials and furniture to prevent the risk of fire. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969718332558
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10-5-12 More than 100 of organophosphate pesticides are offered for commercial application. The majority of organophosphate pesticides are insecticides. Some of them are also used as herbicides and fungicides. Organophosphate pesticides are applied as contact and systemic insecticides in agriculture. They also suppress household pests. Organophosphate insecticides are as well used against lice in humans and some ectoparasites in animals….organophosphate insecticides are also dangerous for humans. Organophosphate insect killers are the most poisonous of all pesticides….
Organophosphate insecticides can invade the body through skin, lungs, or digestive system. The intoxication with organophosphate insect killers results in various signs and symptoms reflecting the affection of numerous organs and systems.
Organophosphate insecticides are associated with short-sightedness and Saku disease. Saku disease is characterized by the optic neuropathy and visual disturbances such as myopia, astigmatism, reduced vision, narrowing of the visual fields, degeneration of ciliary muscle and retina.
Doctors also observed heart effects associated with professional exposure to organophosphate insect killers such as slowing of the heart rate, reduced cardiac output, myocarditis, and heart attacks. https://pesticideinfo.net/articles/organophosphate-pesticides
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There is growing concern about children's exposure to pesticides and their special susceptibility. Children are not little adults, and may have higher exposures and greater vulnerability at both high and low levels of exposure. -National Resource Council. Pesticides in the diets of infants and children. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1993.
Pesticides used in different settings: - Agricultural - Veterinary - Domestic- Institutional
Formulations: liquid, gel, paste, chalk, powder, granules, pellets, baits...
Concentrations: from 2% to 80% of active ingredient
Containers: glass, plastic or metal flasks, bottles, drums, traps, plastic bags or paper bags....
There is a high pesticide use on crops grown for export (Dr. N. Besbelli, WHO, personal communication). Consumption increasing worldwide
2.26 million tons of active ingredients used in 2001 https://www.who.int/ceh/capacity/\Pesticides.pdf
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3-20-15 glphosate, malathion, diazinon caused DNA and chromosomal damage, probable cancer agent; malathion also disrupts hormonal pathways. https://www.carexcanada.ca/iarc-classifies-five-organophosphate-pesticides-including-glyphosate/
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2019-20 For Sikkim the best agriculture system is sustainable agriculture, which is economically viable for the individual farmer and also environmentally friendly. Being an organic State, the Department is propagating and advocating farmers to adopt new and modern technology of organic farming system to sustain production https://sikkim.gov.in/departments/food-security-and-agriculture-development-department
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