How exactly did the British manage to drain India's wealth?

10-30-2018    ‘How exactly did the British manage to diddle us and drain our wealth’ ? was the question that Basudev Chatterjee had posed to me 50 years ago….

these gold and forex payments disappeared into the yawning maw of the SoS’s account in the Bank of England.  Against India’s net foreign earnings he issued bills, termed Council bills (CBs), to an equivalent rupee value.  The rate (between gold-linked sterling and silver rupee) at which the bills were issued, was carefully adjusted to the last farthing, so that foreigners would never find it more profitable to ship financial gold as payment directly to Indians, compared to using the CB route….

  I found that by 1800 Britain’s total trade was 62% higher than their (a pair of British historians’) estimate, on applying the correct definition of trade including re-exports, that is used by the United Nations and by all other international organisations.    -Professor 

Utsa Patnaik 

https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/how-the-british-impoverished-india/story-zidAo8pKyIrmO7UnBkcjfJ.html

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3-12-18     Indians were never credited with their own gold and forex earnings.  

                                 -Professor Utsa Patnaik 

https://www.dailyo.in/politics/mughals-british-east-india-companythe-great-theft-of-india-by-imperial-britain/story/1/28102.html
THIS VERY THEME IS NOW USED BY THE CENTRAL BANKERS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD!   -r

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12-28-18   “The Chinese are not buying in Brazil,” Brazilian President-elect

Jair Bolsonaro said throughout his campaign.  “They are buying Brazil.”   https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/policy/defense-national-security/brazil-could-help-us-stem-the-chinese-tide-in-south-america
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12-27-18    providing China with its own strategist port in east Africa.  A brilliant "investment" scheme?  Why yes, and it won't be the first time China has used it: in December 2017, the Sri Lankan government lost its Hambantota port to China for a lease period of 99 years after failing to show commitment in the payment of billions of dollars in loans.  The transfer, according to the New York Times, gave China control of the territory just a few hundred miles off the shores of rival India.  It is a strategic foothold along a critical commercial and military waterway.  https://www.zerohedge.com/news/2018-12-26/china-take-over-kenyas-largest-port-over-unpaid-chinese-loan?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+zerohedge%2Ffeed+%28zero+hedge+-+on+a+long+enough+timeline%2C+the+survival+rate+for+everyone+drops+to+zero%29