Tuesday, September 15, 2020

bat viruses ZXC21 and ZC45--main trail pursued by Dr. Yan Li-Meng

9-12-18  by Dan Hu et alia Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing; Department of Epidemiology, Research Institute for Medicine of Nanjing Command, Nanjing
  To further understand the evolutionary relationship between SARS-CoV and its reservoirs, 334 bats were collected from Zhoushan city, Zhejiang province, China (on the coast just above Taiwan) between 2015 and 2017.  PCR amplification of the conserved coronaviral protein RdRp detected coronaviruses in 26.65% of bats belonging to this region, and this number was influenced by seasonal changes. Full genomic analyses of the two new SL-CoVs from Zhoushan (ZXC21 and ZC45) showed that their genomes were 29,732 nucleotides (nt) and 29,802 nt in length, respectively, with 13 open reading frames (ORFs).  These results revealed 81% shared nucleotide identity with human/civet SARS CoVs   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6135831/
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1-28-20 by Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan of U. of Hong Kong, et alia
  Spike glycoprotein comprised of S1 and S2 subunits. ...We found that the S2 subunit of 2019-nCoV is highly conserved and shares 99% identity with those of the two bat SARS-like CoVs (SL-CoV ZXC21 and ZC45) and human SARS-CoV (Figure 2).  https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/22221751.2020.1719902
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6-8-20 by Hong Zhou of Universities of Shandong et alia
Table 1. Sequence Identity for SARS-CoV-2 Compared with RmYN02 and Representative Beta-CoV Genomes 

https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(20)30662-X.pdf
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   9) A comparison between the amino acid sequences of the Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 virus as originally described and the ZC45 and ZXC21 viruses shows a remarkable identity in all but one crucial region.  In the majority of the virus there is 95% amino acid sequence identity, but there is one crucial region where they are strikingly dissimilar, with only 69% identity.  That is the S1 region of the spike protein that harbours the RBD.  Given the very high identity in all other regions of the SARS-CoV-2 virus when compared with ZC45 and ZXC21, it is highly improbable that such a huge difference in just the S1 part of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 could have arisen naturally over the timespan in which they are supposed to have co-existed in nature.
  10) The other striking result of a comparison between SARS-CoV-2 and ZC45/ZXC21 relates to another component, the E protein.  The E protein is a structural protein of coronaviruses that can tolerate a large number of mutations without any negative impact on function.  This is highlighted by the fact that even after just two months after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, mutations in the E protein of SARS-CoV-2 were identified.  However, when comparing the original SARS-CoV-2 virus with the ZC45/ZXC21 bat viruses, they have a 100% identical E protein amino acid sequence.  Given the high mutation rate observed in SARS-CoV-2 (and in coronaviruses in general), and given the fact that mutations can occur anywhere in the virus genome, including in the E protein region, it makes no biological sense that the original SARS-CoV-2 virus would have a 100% identical E protein amino acid sequence to the ZC45/ZXC21 bat viruses.
  11) Both the above basic biological observations strongly indicate that the only way that SAS-CoV-2 can be so dissimilar in the S1 region of the spike protein (crucial to human infectivity), yet identical in a far less crucial component such as the E protein, is through intentional design (genetic manipulation in the lab) and not by natural mutation and selection in animal and human hosts.
  12) The above information strongly points to SARS-CoV-2 being constructed based on one or both of the two bat viruses, ZC45 and ZXC21, rather than the purported RaTG13.     https://www.gmwatch.org/en/news/latest-news/19396-evidence-that-the-sars-cov-2-virus-is-genetically-engineered
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  One thing we haven’t mentioned so far is that ZC45 and ZXC21 are bat coronaviruses discovered, collected, and published by a military research lab of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) (6)....
  The E protein of β coronaviruses is a structural protein that is tolerant of mutations as evidenced both in SARS and in bat coronaviruses.  However, on the amino acid level, E protein of the Wuhan coronavirus identified at the beginning of the outbreak is 100% identical to those of the suspected templates, ZC45 and ZXC21 (Figure 4).  What is striking is that after a short two-months spread of the virus in humans, the E protein is already mutating.  Sequence data obtained within the month of April indicate that mutations have occurred to four different locations (Figure 4).  Note that the E protein makes very limited interactions with host proteins and thus is not under evolutionary pressure to adapt to a new host.  Not only the E protein can tolerate mutations but also its mutational rate is held constant across different coronavirus species.  The fact that the E protein of the Wuhan coronaviruses is already mutating in the short period of human-to-human transmission is consistent with its evolutionary feature.  In stark contrast, while ZC45/ZXC21 and the Wuhan coronavirus are more distant evolutionarily, the E proteins within them are 100% identical.  In no way this could be a result of natural evolution....
  As shown in Figure 5, mutations and insertion/deletions in E proteins have been observed at multiple locations both in SARS coronaviruses and in bat coronaviruses.  This clearly indicates E protein’s tendency and permissiveness toward mutations across β coronavirus species.  What is inconsistent with this trait is the fact that ZC45/ZXC21 and the Wuhan coronavirus, while significantly distant from each other in evolution, share 100% identity in E proteins.  Again, in no way this could be a result of natural evolution.  This further supports the claim that the Wuhan coronavirus is made in a lab by following ZC45/ZXC21 as a template....
  • Figure 5. Sequence alignment of E proteins from Wuhan coronavirus (Wuhan-Hu-1), SARS coronaviruses (SARS_GD01, SARS_ExoN1, SARS_TW_GD1, SARS_Sino1_11), and bat coronaviruses (Bat_AP040581.1, RsSHC014, SC2018, Bat_NP_828854.1, BtRs-BetaCoV/HuB2013, BM48-31/BGR/2008). The ready-for-analysis sequences were kindly prepared by Viennah K. Erchus.      https://nerdhaspower.weebly.com/ratg13-is-fake.html
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      Unusual Features of the SARS-CoV-2 Genome Suggesting Sophisticated Laboratory Modification Rather Than Natural Evolution and Delineation of Its Probable Synthetic Route 
    Li-Meng Yan (MD, PhD)1, Shu Kang (PhD)1, Jie Guan (PhD)1, Shanchang Hu (PhD)1 1Rule of Law Society & Rule of Law Foundation, New York, NY, USA. Correspondence: team.lmyan@gmail.com   (published also at zerohedge.com on 9-14 and at youtube.com)
      Origin of SARS-CoV-2 has remained mysterious and controversial.  The natural origin theory, although widely accepted, lacks substantial support.  The alternative theory that the virus may have come from a research laboratory is, however, strictly censored on peer-reviewed scientific journals.  Nonetheless, SARS-CoV-2 shows biological characteristics that are inconsistent with a naturally occurring, zoonotic virus. …the laboratory-creation of this coronavirus is convenient and can be accomplished in approximately six months….Sars-Cov-2 /is highly efficient in binding the human ACE2 receptor (hACE2), the affinity of which is greater than that associated with the ACE2 of any other potential host2,3
      As we have described above, if natural recombination event is responsible for the appearance of SARS- CoV-2, then the ZC45/ZXC21-like virus and a coronavirus containing a SARS-like RBM would have to recombine in the same cell by swapping the S1/RBM, which is a rare form of recombination. Furthermore, since SARS has occurred only once in human history, it would be at least equally rare for nature to produce a virus that resembles SARS in such an intelligent manner – having an RBM that differs from the SARS RBM only at a few non-essential sites (Figure 4). The possibility that this unique SARS-like coronavirus would reside in the same cell with the ZC45/ZXC21-like ancestor virus and the two viruses would recombine in the “RBM-swapping” fashion is extremely low. Importantly, this, and the other recombination event described below in section 1.3 (even more impossible to occur in nature), would both have to happen to produce a Spike as seen in SARS-CoV-2.
      abundant literature shows that gain-of-function research, where the Spike protein of a coronavirus was specifically engineered, has repeatedly led to the successful generation of human- infecting coronaviruses from coronaviruses of non-human origin44-47 …Evidently, the technical barrier is non-existent for the WIV and other related laboratories to carry out and succeed in such Spike/RBM engineering and gain-of- function research. …
      Strikingly consistent with the RBM engineering theory, we have identified two unique restriction sites, EcoRI and BstEII, at either end of the RBM of the SARS-CoV-2 genome, respectively (Figure 5A). These two sites, which are popular choices of everyday molecular cloning, do not exist in the rest of this spike gene. This particular setting makes it extremely convenient to swap the RBM within spike, providing a quick way to test different RBMs and the corresponding Spike proteins. 
      Such EcoRI and BstEII sites do not exist in the spike genes of other β coronaviruses, which strongly indicates that they were unnatural and were specifically introduced into this spike gene of SARS-CoV-2 for the convenience of manipulating the critical RBM. Although ZC45 spike also does not have these two sites (Figure 5B), they can be introduced very easily as described in part 2 of this report. …
      In 2008 Dr. Zhengli Shi’s group swapped a SARS RBM into the Spike proteins of several SARS-like bat coronaviruses after introducing a restriction site into a codon-optimized spike gene (Figure 5C)47.  They then validated the binding of the resulted chimeric Spike proteins with hACE2.  Furthermore, in a recent publication, the RBM of SARS-CoV-2 was swapped into the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS- CoV, resulting in a chimeric RBD fully functional in binding hACE2 (Figure 5C)39.  Strikingly, in both cases the manipulated RBM segments resemble almost exactly the RBM defined by the positions of the EcoRI and BstEII sites (Figure 5C).  Although cloning details are lacking in both publications39,47, it is conceivable that the actual restriction sites may vary depending on the spike gene receiving the RBM insertion as well as the convenience in introducing unique restriction site(s) in regions of interest. 
      It is noteworthy that the corresponding author of this recent publication39, Dr. Fang Li, has been an active collaborator of Dr. Zhengli Shi since 201049-53.  Dr. Li was the first person in the world to have structurally elucidated the binding between SARS-CoV RBD and hACE238 and has been the leading expert in the structural understanding of Spike-ACE2 interactions38,39,53-56.  The striking finding of EcoRI and BstEII restriction sites at either end of the SARS-CoV-2 RBM, respectively, and the fact that the same RBM region has been swapped both by Dr. Shi and by her long-term collaborator, respectively, using restriction enzyme digestion methods are unlikely a coincidence.  Rather, it is the smoking gun proving that the RBM/Spike of SARS-CoV-2 is a product of genetic manipulation. 
      Although it may be convenient to copy the exact sequence of SARS RBM, it would be too clear a sign of artificial design and manipulation. The more deceiving approach would be to change a few non- essential residues, while preserving the ones critical for binding. This design could be well-guided by the high-resolution structures (Figure 3)37,38. This way when the overall sequence of the RBM would appear to be more distinct from that of the SARS RBM, the hACE2-binding ability would be well-preserved. We believe that all of the crucial residues (residues labeled with red sticks in Figure 4, which are the same residues shown in sticks in Figure 3C) should have been “kept”.  As described earlier, while some should be direct preservation, some should have been switched to residues with similar properties, which would not disrupt hACE2-binding and may even strengthen the association further. Importantly, changes might have been made intentionally at non-essential sites, making it less like a “copy and paste” of the SARS RBM. …
      (If we) assume that this site in SARS-CoV-2 is a result of natural evolution, then only one evolutionary pathway is possible, which is that the furin-cleavage site has to be derived from a homologous recombination event. Specifically, an ancestor β coronavirus containing no furin-cleavage site would have to recombine with a closely related coronavirus that does contain a furin-cleavage site. 
      However, two facts disfavor this possibility.  First, although some coronaviruses from other groups or lineages do contain polybasic furin-cleavage sites, none of them contains the exact polybasic sequence present in SARS-CoV-2 (-PRRAR/SVA-). Second, between SARS-CoV-2 and any coronavirus containing a legitimate furin-cleavage site, the sequence identity on Spike is no more than 40%66.  Such a low level of sequence identity rules out the possibility of a successful homologous recombination ever occurring between the ancestors of these viruses. Therefore, the furin-cleavage site within the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein is unlikely to be of natural origin and instead should be a result of laboratory modification. …
      To engineer and create a human-targeting coronavirus, they would have to pick a bat coronavirus as the template/backbone.  This can be conveniently done because many research labs have been actively collecting bat coronaviruses over the past two decades32,33,70,72,81-85. However, this template virus ideally should not be one from Dr. Zhengli Shi’s collections, considering that she is widely known to have been engaged in gain-of-function studies on coronaviruses.  Therefore ZC45 and/or ZXC21, novel bat coronaviruses discovered and owned by military laboratories33, would be suitable as the template/backbone.  It is also possible that these military laboratories had discovered other closely related viruses from the same location and kept some unpublished. …
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