4-6-2016 Several herbal remedies were used for prevention and treatment of viral respiratory illnesses. Among those that were found effective included maoto, licorice roots, antiwei, North American ginseng, berries, Echinacea, plant-extracted carnosic acid, pomegranate, guava tea, and Bai Shao….Alkaline diets or drinks might have antiviral properties as in vitro studies demonstrated inactivation effect of alkaline medium on respiratory virus….
Nagai et al16 reported that maoto exerts antipyretic activity in influenza virus–infected mice and reduces virus through augmentation of the virus-bound natural antibodies. Glycyrrhizin is an active component of licorice roots. It was investigated in mice infected with influenza virus A2 (H2N2). The study revealed that glycyrrhizin might protect mice which were exposed to a lethal amount of influenza virus through the stimulation of interferon-gamma production by T cells.17 Glycyrrhizin is also known to exert immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects and is therefore a candidate drug for the control of H5N1-induced pro-inflammatory gene expression.18 Wolkerstorfer et al19 investigated the mechanism of glycyrrhizin protection from infection with influenza A virus. They found that treatment with glycyrrhizin lead to a clear reduction in the number of influenza A virus-infected human lung cells as well as a reduction in the CCID50 titer by 90%. The investigators concluded that the antiviral activity of glycyrrhizin was mediated by an interaction with the cell membrane, which most likely resulted in reduced endocytotic activity and hence reduced virus uptake. These insights might be a potential for invention of structurally related compounds leading to effective anti-influenza therapeutics.19 Although much controversy remains concerning the efficacy of the Korean red ginseng in reducing influenza-like illness incidence, Korean red ginseng has become a popular influenza-like illness medication in Korea. The ginseng extracts has been evaluated in 4 recent randomized controlled trials to prevent common cold, flu or upper respiratory tract infections. Two studies did not reveal differences between the ginseng extract and placebo in terms of decreasing duration, severity, or frequency of overall symptoms.20,21 However, Predy et al22 showed that the ginseng extracts decreased duration, severity, and frequency of symptoms. Ki-Chan et al23 demonstrated that the Korean red ginseng extract can efficiently reduce the influenza-like illness incidence. Antiwei, a traditional Chinese prescription in the treatment of influenza, was found effective and well tolerated in treatment of natural influenza infection in adults.24 A systematic review of 13 randomized controlled trials was carried out to evaluate the efficacy and safety of new drugs of traditional Chinese medicine for acute upper respiratory tract infection (common cold). The study revealed that traditional recently developed Chinese medicine for prevention and treatment of common cold have better therapeutic effects than the old ones. They can accelerate the onset time of lowering body temperature and improve the symptoms of common cold without any significant adverse reactions.25 Another herbal product is called COLD-fX (CVT-E002), a proprietary extract of the roots of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius). COLD-fX intake by immunocompetent elderly patients during an early cold and flu season reduced the relative risk and duration of respiratory symptoms by 48% and 55%, respectively.26 Elderberry intake also reduced the symptoms of influenza virus.27 Extracts of berries inhibit influenza virus infection in vitro,28–30 and polyphenol is one of the key factors in the antiviral effects of berries.31 Nantz et al32 evaluated the ability of cranberry polyphenols to modify immunity of participants who consumed cranberry beverage. The study revealed that consumption of the beverage modified the ex vivo proliferation of γδ-T cells where these cells are located in the epithelium and serve as a first line of defense, improving their function which may be related to reducing the number of symptoms associated with cold and flu.32 Echinacea preparations are extensively used for the prevention and the management of the common cold. The preliminary results were encouraging, and suggest that Polinacea (roots of Echinacea angustifolia) could be used for improving the immune response to influenza vaccine.33 Echinacea also has antiviral activity against influenza viruses in vitro and has traditionally been used for treatment of colds and flu. Echinacea hot drink was investigated on 473 patients in the Czech Republic. It was found as effective as oseltamivir in the early treatment of clinically diagnosed and virologically confirmed influenza virus infections with a reduced risk of complications and adverse events.34…
Carnosic acid extracted from various plants was found effective for inhibition of both type A and B human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) whereas no effect was noticed on replication of influenza A virus, suggesting that its antiviral activity is human respiratory syncytial virus specific.35 In vitro test of the antiviral activities of Thuja orientalis, Aster spathulifolius, and Pinus thunbergii, were examined. The 3 plant extracts were shown to induce a high cell viability rate after the infection with the influenza A/PR/8/34 virus. Thuja orientalis was found to have a stronger inhibitory effect than that with Aster spathulifolius or Pinus thunbergii. These results suggested that T orientalis might be used for influenza treatment.36 An aqueous-ethanolic extract of a mixture of Thujae occidentalis herba, Baptisiae tinctoriae radix, Echinaceae purpureae radix, and Echinaceae pallidae radix were given orally for mice with influenza A virus infection. The extract was administered to mice via the drinking water for 14 days starting 6 days before intranasal infection with influenza A virus. The extract therapy induced a statistically significant increase in the survival rate, prolonged the mean survival time, and reduced lung consolidation and virus titer. The study confirmed that plants extract administration 6 days before exposure was a potent inhibitor of influenza A virus in vivo.37 Clinacanthus siamensis leaf extract showed activity in vitro and in vivo tests on influenza virus. After oral administration to mouse, the extract produced a higher anti-influenza virus IgG and IgA antibodies compared with oseltamivir. These results suggested that Clinacanthus siamensis extract has a protective effect against influenza virus infection.38 Punica granatum (pomegranate) had shown anti-influenza properties. Pomegranate polyphenol extract was also tested. It revealed replication suppression of influenza A virus in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Pomegranate polyphenol extract also prevented agglutination of chicken red blood cells by influenza virus, inhibited viral RNA replication, and was virucidal. In addition, the combination of pomegranate polyphenol extract and oseltamivir synergistically had increased the anti-influenza effect of oseltamivir.39 Electron microscopic analysis indicated that viral inactivation by pomegranates polyphenols was primarily a consequence of virion structural damage.40 Psidium guajava Linn. (guava tea), which is prepared by the infusion method, had markedly inhibited the growth of clinical influenza A (H1N1) isolates. Guava tea inhibited viral hemagglutination and sialidase activity. It appears to be effective for control of epidemic and pandemic influenza viruses, including oseltamivir-resistant strains.41 A plant known as Epimedium koreanum Nakai was extensively used in traditional Korean and Chinese medicine to treat a variety of diseases. An aqueous extract from the plant was evaluated in vitro and in vivo in a recent study. It was effective against different influenza A subtypes by significant reduction in viral replication. The mechanism of antiviral activity was revealed where an aqueous extract from Epimedium koreanum Nakai induced the secretion of type I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokines and the subsequent stimulation of the antiviral activity in cells. The oral administration of the extract showed preventive effects on mice against lethal doses of highly pathogenic influenza A subtypes (H1N1, H5N2, H7N3, and H9N2). It has been concluded that the extract of Epimedium koreanum Nakai and its constituents plays roles as immunomodulators in the immune response, and may be prospect candidates for prophylactic or therapeutic treatments against several viruses.42 A Chinese herbal know as Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (baicalin), was used for the treatment of the common cold, fever and influenza virus infections. In cell culture and in mice baicalin revealed obvious antiviral activity that increased in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that baicalin affected virus budding. The investigators concluded that baicalin acts as a neuraminidase inhibitor, with distinct inhibitory activities that were effective against different strains of influenza A virus in both in vitro and in vivo, and that baicalin had potential interest in the treatment of influenza virus infections.43 The root of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Bai Shao) a common Chinese herb was employed in many recipes to treat viral infections and liver diseases. The synthesis of both viral RNA and viral protein was tremendously inhibited when the cells were treated with Bai Shao extract. The study demonstrated that the extract inhibits viral hemagglutination and viral binding to and penetration into host cells. The authors concluded that Paeonia lactiflora possessed antiviral activity and had the prospect for development of an anti-influenza agent.44 The aforementioned herbal therapies for respiratory viruses are presented in Table 1….
Dietary supplements of bovine lactoferrin are claimed in consumer literature to enhance and support the immune system response through their antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. Lactoferrin has many protective biological functions against pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Many studies have shown the in vitro antiviral activity of lactoferrin against viral pathogens that cause common infections such as the common cold, and influenza, where lactoferrin inhibits mainly viral attachment to the target cells. Lactoferrin administration enhances natural killer cell activity and Th1 cytokine responses, which lead to protection against viral infections.77 …
In a slightly alkaline environment viruses might be weakened or do not multiply efficiently. Immune function may work better in alkaline medium as well. Alkalization can be achieved through increasing alkaline dietary sources, alkaline water, or alkaline drinks (alkaline diet sources: predominantly fruits and vegetables) and reducing acidic dietary sources (acidic diet sources: meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, grains and grain products, soft drinks, etc.). Blood pH could also be affected naturally (non-dietary) that stress and anxiety produce acidic pH while meditation yields alkaline pH. Through literature search, no studies were found concerning the preventive or therapeutic effects of alkaline diets or drinks against respiratory viral infections….
(Thus) many herbal therapies have scientific evidence of activity against respiratory viruses. The herbal medicines, such as maoto, licorice roots, antiwei, North American ginseng, elderberry, Echinacea, pomegranate, guava tea, and Bai Shao were found effective in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections. The studies revealed several mechanisms of action by which herbal extracts fight respiratory viruses. Some dietary supplements also revealed efficacy in prevention and treatment of respiratory viral infections. Supplements including zinc, selenium, vitamin C, probiotics, seaweed extract, yeast-based product, and garlic extract, demonstrated supportive effects against respiratory viruses.
1College of Medicine, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa, MBChB, MSc, PO Box 601, Post Code 42001, Ashar, Basrah, Iraq. Email: moc.liamtoh@asuomarediah
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5871211/
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4-15 cov-19. India 1034/8700= 12% new cases/current cases https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/india/
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Russia 2774/16464= 17% https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/russia/
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Pakistan 341/5496= 6% https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/pakistan
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Brazil 1832/7872= 23% https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/brazil
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UK 5252/76170= 7% https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/uk
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Spain 3961/84340= 5% https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/spain
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USA 26300/537637= 5% https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/us
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